Blick aus dem All auf Hamburg Schenefeld
Direktor Thomas Kaupe unternimmt im mit neuer Technik ausgestatteten Sternentheater eine Reise ins Innere der uns bekannten Welt: den Nanokosmos, die Welt der Atome und Moleküle. Bisher für unmöglich gehaltene Filme von den Prozessen auf dieser Ebene soll der Anfang September eröffnete Röntgenlaser European XFEL möglich machen. Die 3,4 Kilometer lange Maschine, die Supermikroskop und Superkamera in einem ist, verläuft unterirdisch zwischen dem Forschungszentrum Desy in Hamburg Bahrenfeld und einer Halle im schleswig-holsteinischen Schenefeld.
Durch eine Lupe vergrößertes Bild
Originalbild
Sammellinse erzeugt vergrößertes Bild
Wo auf der Innenkuppel sonst Galaxien mit ihren Sternen und Planeten auftauchen, zeigen Animationen nun Zellstrukturen, Viruspartikel und einzelne Moleküle mit ihren Atomen-Teilchen, die zehn Millionen Mal kleiner sind als ein Millimeter. Mit sichtbarem Licht lassen sich Prozesse auf dieser Ebene nicht scharf abbilden.
Mehrere gewölbte Linsen: Mikroskop
Durch Mikroskop vergrößertes Haar
Der European XFEL soll das mit seinem Röntgenlicht schaffen. Die von der Maschine erzeugten Lichtblitze sind für den Bruchteil einer billionstel Sekunde heller als das gesamte Sonnenlicht, das im gleichen Zeitraum die Erde erreicht. Und sie sind so kurz, dass sie Atome schneller ablichten, als die Teilchen sich bewegen. Viele einzelne Aufnahmen wollen Forscher dann zu Filmen zusammenfügen.
Wenn alles läuft wie erwartet, wird der Supraleiter das leistungsfähigste Instrument seiner Art sein. Mit dem bisher stärksten Röntgenlaser der Welt, dem LCLS in Stanford (Kalifornien), erzeugen Forscher 120 Lichtblitze pro Sekunde – bis zu 27.000 Pulse pro Sekunde soll der European XFEL schaffen. Damit sollen sich Messungen in wenigen Tagen bewältigen lassen, die in Stanford heute Wochen dauern.
Kopf einer Fliege im Elektronnmikroskop
Die Bilder aus dem Inneren der Materie sind eine computergestützte Rekonstruktion der Wirklichkeit. Um etwa die Struktur von Biomolekülen zu entschlüsseln, spritzen Forscher Teilchen in einer Flüssigkeit in die Probenkammer. Jedes Mal, wenn ein Lichtblitz einen Proteinkristall trifft, entsteht ein Streubild, das ein Detektor aufnimmt. Aus Millionen von Streubildern lässt sich ein dreidimensionales Abbild der Probe errechnen – im Idealfall bis zum einzelnen Atom.
Atome im Elektronenmikroskop
Atommodell: Kern und Elektronen
Infektionsforscher wollen mit dem Röntgenlaser erkunden, wie genau krankheitserregende Viren unsere Zellen manipulieren und wie Medikamente dagegen wirken können. Biochemiker möchten etwa den Beginn der Proteinentfaltung ins Visier nehmen. Läuft dies schief, lagern sich falsch gefaltete Proteine zu Klumpen zusammen, was wahrscheinlich zur Entstehung von Krankheiten wie Alzheimer und Parkinson beiträgt. Außerdem auf der Experimentier-Agenda: Wie lassen sich miniaturisierte Datenspeicher, stärkere Akkus und effizientere Katalysatoren konstruieren.
Selbst Astrophysiker werden die Blitzmaschine nutzen. Dazu werden Laserstrahlen extreme Materialzustände erzeugen, wie sie wohl im Inneren von Gasplaneten und Sternen herrschen. Um zu verstehen, was in gewaltigen Objekten im Universum vorgeht, muss eben die gesamte Skala berücksichtigt werden.
Wer Winzlinge wie Atome sehen und ihre Anordnung erkennen will, braucht extrem energiereiches Licht. Denn je höher die Energie der Lichtteilchen (Photonen) ist, desto kürzer ist die Wellenlänge des Lichts. Ist die Wellenlänge so kurz wie der Abstand zwischen Atomen oder kürzer, lassen sich die Teilchen unterscheiden. Der Durchmesser eines Atoms beträgt etwa ein Zehntel Nanometer – die Wellenlängen der Röntgenblitze des European XFEL sollen bis zu 0,05 Nanometer klein sein.
Marc Hasse, Reise in den Kosmos der Atome (Auszug), Themenabend im Planetarium zeigt, wie Hamburgs neuer Röntgenlaser European XFEL funktioniert, #HamburgerAbendblatt, Donnerstag, 14. September 2017
Robert Feidenhans’l Chef der XFEL
Der Physiker Robert Feidenhans’l referierte auf einer Barkasse vor Bloggern aus aller Welt und beantwortete geduldig alle Fragen zu dem 3,4 Kilometer langen Instrument in Schenefeld: dem Röntgenlaser, XFEL. Mit ihm wollen Forscher die Bewegung von Atomen „filmen“.
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